In scoring the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, yesno items are scored from 0 to 1 and multiplechoice items are. The eight items were derived from theoretical notions of reliance on nicotine see fagerstrom and schneider 1989 for a. If your score is 5 or less, your level of dependence on cigarettes is not very strong. A shorter test derived from the ftnd used for the general population is the heavy smoking index hsi six questions vs. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence vs heavy smoking.
Diagnosis and treatment of nicotine dependence with. Click on the image or right click to open the source website in a new browser window. This paper focuses on a widely used, paperandpencil test of nicotine dependence the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire ftq. Evidence of patterns of nicotine dependence, although crucial for developing and implementing effective tobacco control strategies, is limited in the eastern european countries. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependencesmokeless. The findings indicate that the ftq correlates with other proposed. A patient who scores 4 would be considered to be moderately dependent on nicotine and. In scoring the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, yesno items are scored from 0 to 1 and multiplechoice items are scored from 0 to 3.
This can in turn help medical professionals refer the patient for nicotine replacement therapy nrt in case quitting smoking proves to be too difficult. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of. The hooked on nicotine checklist honc is a reliable and valid measure of diminished autonomy over tobacco. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence aims to stratify the severity of nicotine addiction by quantifying smoking habits, the number of cigarettes smoked per day and any related symptoms. Nicotine dependence is defined as a neurobiological adaptation to repeated drug exposure that is manifested behaviorally by highly controlled or compulsive use. Aims to compare the properties of four measures of dependence to nicotinetobacco, the 12. Measure nicotine dependence by the fagerstrom test for. Reliability of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and. To assess the level of nicotine dependence of smokers in a university dental clinic in southern brazil using the fagerstrom test for.
Ftnd abbreviation stands for fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence. These images are a random sampling from a bing search on the term fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. We endeavored to replicate and extend findings suggesting the superiority of the ftnd by examining the psychometric properties of both instruments, as well as their relationship to selfreport and biochemical. How soon after you wake up to you smoke your first cigarette. The closer your score is to the total score of 10, the greater the likelihood you are addicted to nicotine. Nida clinical trials network fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence fnd heatherton tf, kozlowski lt frecker rc 1991. After 60 minutes 3160 minutes 630 minutes within 5 minutes 0 1 2 3. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependencesmokeless tobacco ftndst is a modified form of fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence ftnd used to find the degree of.
The items are summed to yield a total score of 010. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden. Diminished autonomy is a core feature common to all forms of dependence involving drugs or behaviors. The higher the total fagerstrom score, the more intense is the patients physical dependence on nicotine. Despite its widespread use over two decades, the literature reflects uncertainty regarding what aspects of nicotine dependence are tapped by the ftnd. Prokhorov av, pallonen ue, fava jl, ding l, niaura r. Jennifer wessel, sarah m mcdonald, david a hinds, renee p stokowski, harold s javitz, michael kennemer.
How to abbreviate fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and. For each question, check v the box that best describes your response. The most popular abbreviation for fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence is. On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day. Which brand of cigarettes do you consider your regular brand. Modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence full test is available on the intranet.
The cds total scores are sums of all of the relevant 5 or 12 items. Consequently, this has led to efforts to measure nicotine dependence. Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the ftnd to the fagerstrom. One question in the ftnd that is particularly import.
Translation find a translation for fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence in other languages. We selected the 10item modified ftq scale for this study as the total score on this scale had a higher correlation with salivary cotinine boyle et al. Fagerstrom tolerance scale reliability and validity pomerleau cs, carton sm, lutzke ml, flessland ka, pomerleau of. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence data share 2. What is the abbreviation for fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence.
The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. At present, our understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of nicotine dependence is similar to that of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia 30 or 40 years ago. Tools for the assessment of nicotine dependence are important for clinical research. Properties of the cigarette dependence scale and the. Subjects completed two nicotine dependence scales at baseline. Time to first cigarette after waking the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Fagerstrom test nicotine dependence francesca eleuteri. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence ftnd use the following test to score a patients level of nicotine dependence once they have been identified as a current or recent smoker.
A revision of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. We also found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day ttf and number of cigarettes smoked per day cpd improved the scale. Pdf the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence as a. Measuring nicotine dependence among highrisk adolescent smokers. You arent in control of your smoking it is in control of you. In the last decade, the importance of nicotine in maintaining smoking and in cessation difficulty has been acknowledged. Introduction the ftq was developed in 1978 to provide a short, convenient selfreport measure of dependency on nicotine fagerstrom, 1978. The most distinctive indicators of nicotine dependence are. There is no need to do the full fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence asking three simple questions will suffi ce to determine if the client is nicotine dependent see box below. The objective of this study is to compare the validity of the hsi versus the ftnd. Reliability of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence.
Support, information and resources help everyone quit smoking. Pomerleau behavioral medicine program, department of psychiatry. Within 5 minutes 630 minutes 3160 minutes after 60 minutes 3 2 1 0 2. A systematic search for articles published up through december of 2007 was carried out in various. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependencesmokeless tobacco ftndst is a modified form of fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence ftnd used to find the degree of nicotine dependence among. Predicted continuous abstinence rate car for weeks 9 24 by a fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence ftnd score as a continuous variable, b heaviness of smoking index score as a continuous variable, and by c the combined score for ftnd questions 2, 3, 5, and 6 as a continuous variable. The treatment of nicotine dependence is a key element of preventive cardiology, along with the man. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence questions answers points 1. Approximately 60% to 80% of current smokers fulfill classic criteria for drug dependence. Discusses the applicability of the spanish version of the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence developed to improve the reliability and validity of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire, and its relationship to sex, age and consumption of cigarettes in a sample of smokers from galicia, spain. Scoring the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence to remind you of information covered in module 1 about scoring the test. Nicotine dependence tobacco use disorder is the most common substance use disorder in the united states. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence. Diagnosis and treatment of nicotine dependence with emphasis on.
The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence question criterion score 1. Please tick one box for each question how soon after waking do you smoke your first. Psychometric properties of ftnd have been validated among cigarette smokers, but the reliability and validity of its variant for smokeless tobacco st users ftndst is not well documented. Patterns of nicotine dependence in four eastern european. The original fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire fagerstrom, 1978 is more than 30 years old, but more recently the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence ftnd. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence in a spanish. A survey of tobacco use in the general population was carried out in the northern spanish. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlates of high nicotine dependence among adults in poland, romania, the russian federation and ukraine. Nida clinical trials network fagerstrom test for nicotine. Take this test and find out your level of dependence on nicotine.
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